Mowa zależna

 

 

 

 

NASTĘPSTWO CZASÓW

 

Mowa zależna to relacjonowanie tego, co ktoś powiedział w przeszłości – zarówno dawno temu, jak i przed  chwilą.

W języku angielskim relacjonowanie czyichś wypowiedzi wymaga zmiany czasu gramatycznego (patrz tabela).

 

 

Czyjaś wypowiedź	Mowa zależna
Simple Present → 'I don't speak Spanish,' said the girl.	Simple Past The girl said (that) she didn't speak Spanish.
Present Continuous → 'It's raining,' she said.	Past Continuous She said (that) it was raining.
Simple Past → 'I met him earlier,' said Ann.	Past Perfect Ann said (that) she had met him earlier.
Present Perfect → 'I've never been to America,' said Julia.	Past Perfect Julia said (that) she had never been to America.
Present Perfect Continuous → 'We've been living here for 8 years,' explained the man.	Past Perfect Continuous The man explained (that) they had been living there for 8 years.
Future (will) → 'I'll help you,' offered Sue.	would Sue offered (that) they would  help me.
can → 'I can't open this tin,' complained Mary.	could Mary complained (that) she couldn't open that tin.
may → 'She may be at work now,' I said.	might I said (that) she might be at work then.

 

 

ZAIMKI ORAZ OKOLICZNIKI CZASU I MIEJSCA

 

Przy relacjonowaniu czyjejś wypowiedzi należy także pamiętać o zmianie zaimków oraz okoliczników czasu i miejsca.

Porównaj:

 

'I'll take you to a restaurant tomorrow,' said Mike. →  Mike said that he would take me to a restaurant the next day.

 

'It's nice here,' said Derek. → Derek said (that) it was nice there.

 

Oto najczęstsze zmiany okoliczników czasu w mowie zależnej:

 

now → then

today → that day

yesterday → the day before

tomorrow → the next day

this week/month → that week/month

last week/month → the week/month before

next week/month → the following week/month

 

 

KIEDY NIE MA NASTSĘPSTWA CZASÓW

 

Pewne sytuacje i konstrukcje gramatyczne nie podlegają następstwu czasów. Oto one:

 

1. Relacjonowanie tego, co ktoś właśnie mówi, np. powtarzając osobie stojącej obok to, co ktoś mówi nam po drugiej stronie słuchawki:

 

'I'll come tomorrow, ' - He says he'll come tomorrow.

 

 

2. Relacjonowanie wypowiedzi, które stwierdzają nadal obowiązującą prawdę:

 

'I live in Paris,' said Ann.

Ann said (that) she lives in Paris.  (bo nadal tam mieszka)

 

 

3. II i III typ zdań warunkowych

 

'If I were you, I would tell her,' said Ben.

Ben said (that) if he was me, he would tell her.

 

'If I had known about her illness, I wouldn't have asked such stupid questions,' said Patrick.

Patrick said (that) if he had known about her illness, he wouldn't have asked such stupid questions.

 

4. Następujące czasowniki modalne:

 

could

'I could do with a cup of tea,' said Rebecca.

Rebecca said (that) she could do with a cup of tea.

 

should

'You should stop smoking,' said William.

William said (that) I should stop smoking.

 

ought to

'We ought to leave at once,' said Meg.

Meg said (that) they ought to leave at once.

 

might

'He might be late,' observed Susan.

Susan observed that he might be late.

 

5. Czas Past Perfect

 

'I had been ill,' said Paul.

Paul said (that) he had been ill.

 

Zobacz także:

Mowa zależna - prośby, rozkazy, propozycje

Mowa zależna - pytania

 

Ćwiczenie